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<title>1-bit computing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1-bit computing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bit</a>, <a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">bit-serial architecture</a>, or <a href="One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">one-instruction set computer</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 120%;">Computer architecture bit widths</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4</a></li><li><a href="8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8</a></li><li><a href="12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12</a></li><li><a href="16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16</a></li><li><a href="18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18</a></li><li><a href="24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24</a></li><li><a href="26-bit_computing" title="26-bit computing">26</a></li><li><a href="UNIVAC_490" title="UNIVAC 490">30</a></li><li><a href="31-bit_computing" title="31-bit computing">31</a></li><li><a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32</a></li><li><a href="36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36</a></li><li><a href="45-bit_computing" title="45-bit computing">45</a></li><li><a href="48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48</a></li><li><a href="60-bit_computing" title="60-bit computing">60</a></li><li><a href="64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64</a></li><li><a href="128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128</a></li><li><a href="256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256</a></li><li><a href="512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512</a></li><li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li></ul></div></td>

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<a href="Application_software" title="Application software">Application</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<a href="Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Binary floating-point</a> <a href="Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<a href="Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">Decimal floating-point</a> <a href="Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

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<p>In <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <b>1-bit</b> <a href="Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integers</a> or other <a href="Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> units are those that are <span class="nowrap">1 <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bit</a></span> (1/8 <a href="Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a>) wide. Also, 1-bit <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU) and <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU) architectures are those that are based on <a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> of that size.

</p><p>There are no computers or <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> of any kind that are exclusively 1-bit for all registers and <a href="Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">address buses</a>. A 1-bit register can only store two different values. This is very restrictive and therefore not enough for a <a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a> which, on modern systems, is implemented in an on-chip register, but is not implemented on-chip in some 1-bit systems. <a href="Opcode" title="Opcode">Opcodes</a> for at least one 1-bit processor architecture were 4-bit and the address bus was 8-bit.

</p><p>While 1-bit computing is obsolete, 1-bit <a href="Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial communication</a> is still used in modern computers, that are otherwise e.g. 64-bit, and thus also have much larger buses.

</p><p>While 1-bit CPUs are obsolete, the first (research) <a href="Carbon_nanotube_computer" title="Carbon nanotube computer">carbon nanotube computer</a> from 2013 is a 1-bit <a href="One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">one-instruction set computer</a> (and has only 178 transistors; since it has only one instruction though it can emulate 20 <a href="MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> instructions).<sup id="cite_ref-Courtland_2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtland_2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>A <a href="Serial_computer" title="Serial computer">serial computer</a> processes data a single bit at a time. For example, the <a href="PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8/S</a> was a <a href="12-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="12-bit">12-bit</a> computer using a 1-bit ALU, processing the 12 bits serially.<sup id="cite_ref-DEC_1969_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEC_1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An example of a 1-bit computer built from discrete logic <a href="Small-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-scale integration">SSI</a> chips is the Wang 500 (1970/1971) calculator<sup id="cite_ref-Koblentz_2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koblentz_2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang_1974_Schematics_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_1974_Schematics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="Wang_1200" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang 1200">Wang 1200</a> (1971/1972)<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> word processor series developed by <a href="Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a>.

</p><p>An example of a 1-bit architecture that was marketed as a CPU is the <a href="Motorola_MC14500B" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola MC14500B">Motorola MC14500B</a> Industrial Control Unit (ICU),<sup id="cite_ref-Motorola_1977_MC14500B_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1977_MC14500B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Motorola_1995_MC14500B_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1995_MC14500B-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced in 1977 and manufactured at least up into the mid 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Motorola_1995_MC14500B_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1995_MC14500B-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its manual states:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[…] Computers and microcomputers may also be used, but they tend to overcomplicate the task and often require highly trained personnel to develop and maintain the system. A simpler device, designed to operate on inputs and outputs one-at-a-time and configured to resemble a relay system, was introduced. These devices became known to the controls industry as <a href="Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a> (PLC). The Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU) is the monolithic embodiment of the PLC's central architecture […]

</p><p>There are functions for which one bit machines are poorly suited. […] Under some circumstances, a combination of an <a href="Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">MC6800</a> MPU and an MC14500B ICU may be the best solution. […]

</p><p><i>Program Counter</i><br>

The <a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a> is composed of two MC145168 binary up-<a href="Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">counters</a> chained together to create 8 bits of memory address. This gives the system the capability of addressing 256 separate memory words. The counters are configured to count up on the rising edge of the ICU clock (CLK) signal and reset to zero when the ICU is reset. Notice that the program counter count sequence cannot be altered by any operation of the ICU. This confirms that the system is configured to have a looping control structure.

</p><p><i>Memory</i><br>

</p><p>

The memory for this system is composed of one MCM7641 512-word by 8 bit PROM memory. Because the program counter is only 8 bits wide, only 256 words, (half of the memory), can be used at any one time. However, by wiring the most significant bit of the memory's address high or low, the system designer can select between two separate programs with only a jumper option. This might be a desirable feature if extremely fast system changes are required.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— MC14500B Industrial Control Unit Handbook<sup id="cite_ref-Motorola_1977_MC14500B_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1977_MC14500B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>One of the computers known to be based on this CPU was the <a href="WDR_1-bit_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="WDR 1-bit computer">WDR 1-bit computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig_1986_WDR-1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig_1986_WDR-1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical sequence of instructions from a program for a 1-bit architecture might be:

</p>

<ul><li>load digital input 1 into a 1-bit register;</li>

<li><a href="Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">OR</a> the value in the 1-bit register with input 2, leaving the result in the register;</li>

<li>write the value in the 1-bit register to output 1.</li></ul>

<p>This architecture was considered superior for programs making decisions rather than performing arithmetic computations, for <a href="Ladder_logic" title="Ladder logic">ladder logic</a> as well as for serial data processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Motorola_1977_MC14500B_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1977_MC14500B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are also several design studies for 1-bit architectures in academia, and corresponding 1-bit logic can also be found in programming.

</p><p>Other examples of 1-bit architectures are <a href="Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a> (PLCs), programmed in <a href="Instruction_list" title="Instruction list">instruction list</a> (IL).

Such as the 1969 <a href="PDP-14" title="PDP-14">PDP-14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHD_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHD-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Several early <a href="Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">massively parallel</a> computers used 1-bit architectures for the processors as well. Examples include the May 1983 <a href="Goodyear_MPP" title="Goodyear MPP">Goodyear MPP</a> and the 1985 <a href="Connection_Machine" title="Connection Machine">Connection Machine</a>. By using a 1-bit architecture for the individual processors a very large array (e.g. the Connection Machine had 65,536 processors) could be constructed with the chip technology available at the time. In this case the slow computation of a 1-bit processor was traded off against the large number of processors.

</p><p>1-bit CPUs can now be considered obsolete; not many kinds have ever been produced, still as of 2022 some MC14500B chips are available from brokers for obsolete parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Digipart_2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digipart_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eBay_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eBay_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Bit_banging" title="Bit banging">Bit banging</a></li>

<li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">Bit slicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_Serial_Peripheral_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface">Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface</a> (eSPI) allows 1-bit communication</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCourtland2013" class="citation web cs1">Courtland, Rachel (2013-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/first-computer-made-from-carbon-nanotubes-debuts">"First Computer Made From Carbon Nanotubes Debuts - The modest 1-bit, 1 kHz machine could usher in a new post-silicon era"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615190932/https://spectrum.ieee.org/first-computer-made-from-carbon-nanotubes-debuts">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DEC_1969-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEC_1969_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1">"III. System Logic - 3.4. Control Circuits - 3.4.1 Adder". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/pdp8s/PDP8S_MaintMan.pdf"><i>PDP-8/S Maintenance Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th printing ed.). Maynard, Massachusetts, US: <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. August 1969 [October 1967]. pp. <span class="nowrap">3-14 –</span> <span class="nowrap">3-15</span>. F-87S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023025507/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/pdp8s/PDP8S_MaintMan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-15</span></span>.</cite> (191 pages)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Koblentz_2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koblentz_2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2006" class="citation interview cs1">Wasserman, Katie (March 2006) [January 2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snarc.net/tr/katie-led.htm">"LED calculators rule her house"</a>. <i>Computer Collector Newsletter / Technology Rewind</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Koblentz, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191227180243/http://www.snarc.net/tr/katie-led.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>. <q>Probably my most favorite is the Wang 500. It's got several unique things about it: a very unusual ROM memory made of hundreds of long enamel-coated wires wrapped around iron cores; a super-fast single-bit CPU built out of SSI logic chips; and of course tons of really cool-looking colorful keys.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wang_1974_Schematics-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_1974_Schematics_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebattles.net/oddments/wang/Wang_500_schematics.pdf"><i>Product Service - Schematic manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Wang_Laboratories%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Laboratories, Inc.">Wang Laboratories, Inc.</a> 1974. 03-0019-0. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520161939/http://www.thebattles.net/oddments/wang/Wang_500_schematics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Battle_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battle_2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBattle2010" class="citation web cs1">Battle, Jim (2010-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wang1200.org/history.html">"Wang 1200 - Wang WP History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521004512/http://www.wang1200.org/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Motorola_1977_MC14500B-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1977_MC14500B_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1977_MC14500B_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1977_MC14500B_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryDellandeDiSilvestroMalarkey1977" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Vern; Dellande, Brian; DiSilvestro, Ray; Malarkey, Terry; Smith, Phil; Hadley, Mike (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tinymicros.com/mediawiki/images/e/ec/MC14500B_Handbook.pdf"><i>Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit Handbook - Theory and Operation of a CMOS one-bit processor compatible with B series CMOS devices</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="Motorola_Semiconductor_Products_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc.">Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc.</a> 33-B78/8.0. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401141059/https://tinymicros.com/mediawiki/images/e/ec/MC14500B_Handbook.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite> (NB. Also available in German language under the title "Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit Handbuch - Theorie und Anwendung eines Ein-Bit-CMOS-Prozessors".)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Motorola_1995_MC14500B-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1995_MC14500B_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1995_MC14500B_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Industrial Control Unit MC14500B". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/motorola/mc14500b/mc14500brev3.pdf"><i>Motorola CMOS Logic Data</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Semiconductor Technical Data (revision 3 ed.). <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>. 1995. pp. <span class="nowrap">306–</span>313. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520123638/http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/motorola/mc14500b/mc14500brev3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ludwig_1986_WDR-1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig_1986_WDR-1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLudwigPaschendaSchepersTerglane1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ludwig, Volker; Paschenda, Klaus; Schepers, Heinz; Terglane, Hermann-Josef; Grannemann, Klaus; John, Burkhard; Komar, Hermann; Meinersen, Ludwig (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wdr-1-bit-computer.talentraspel.de/documents/wdr_1-40.pdf"><i>Fast alles über den WDR-1-Bit-Computer</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Neuss & Recklinghausen, Germany: DATANorf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520131325/http://wdr-1-bit-computer.talentraspel.de/documents/wdr_1-40.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chdickman.com/pdp14">"DEC PDP-14 Industrial Controller"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Digipart_2022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digipart_2022_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digipart.com/part/mc14500b?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIy8i09b7R5QIVT0HTCh1YgQZzEAEYAiAAEgJza_D_BwE">"MC14500B Price & Stock"</a>. <i>www.digipart.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184147/https://www.digipart.com/part/mc14500b">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eBay_2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eBay_2022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=MC14500B&_sacat=0">"MC14500B"</a>. <i>www.ebay.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184524/https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313&_nkw=MC14500B&_sacat=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMueller2005" class="citation web cs1">Mueller, Dieter (2005) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/m14500/m14500.htm">"The famous/infamous MC14500"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803122314/http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/m14500/m14500.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMueller2008" class="citation web cs1">Mueller, Dieter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/a3/a3_5.htm">"MC14500 and arithmetic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520222644/http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/a3/a3_5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1">Mueller, Dieter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.6502.org:80/users/dieter/a3/a3_6.htm">"A MC14500 modification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320114921/http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/a3/a3_6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSchembriBizoirreBoisseauChauvaud" class="citation web cs1">Schembri, Thierry; Bizoirre, Sylvain; Boisseau, Olivier; Chauvaud, Pierre-Emmanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=834">"WDR-1-Bit Computer"</a>. <i>OLD-COMPUTERS.COM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520141901/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=834">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-20</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li>

<li><a href="Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a>

<li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li>

<li><a href="Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br>architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br>sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li>

<li>Power

<ul><li><a href="IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li>

<li><a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li>

<li>System/3x0

<li><a href="Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tilera ISA</li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Adapteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomasulo's_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br>performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC)

<ul><li><a href="Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li>

<li><a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li>

<li><a href="Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li>

<li><a href="SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li>

<li><a href="Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)

<ul><li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li>

<li><a href="System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li>

<li><a href="Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br>on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br>accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li>

<li><a href="Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a>

<ul><li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br>units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li>

<li><a href="Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)

<ul><li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC)

<ul><li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a>

<li><a href="Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=1-bit_computing&oldid=1304806445">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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